Word Order
- S + O + V
- (Adj) S
- (Adj) O
- (Adv) V
Translation Guidance
- S = Structure = textbook translation of grammatical structure; written system would use such spelling as well
- P = Pronunciation = native speaker pronunciation of sentence
- C = Common = natural sentence from native speaker, using pronunciation
- For sake of illustration, it is assumed that the subject of a sentence is always understood based on context
- Objects of sentences are not assumed to be understood based on context (Asker: “What did he do with the apple?” Answerer: “Ate” would be a common response)
Particles
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject Marker | ɛʃ | He went to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| Object Marker | an | ||
| At / On | ek | He went to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.tɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| I sat on the chair | S: t͡so.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θa C: gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θa | ||
| At (action) | ek.t͡sa | I ate an apple on the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek.t͡sa t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.al waɹ.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek.t͡sa t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek.t͡sa t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa |
| In the Dir. of / to | ʌk | I went in the direction of the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ʌk wit.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nʌk wit.tɛ.θa C: ʒan.nʌk wit.tɛ.θa |
| From (place) | He went from the lake in the direction of the mountain | ||
| To (a person) | I sent him a letter | ||
| From (a person) | I received a letter from him | ||
| Ownership | ʌl | I went to his mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ fi.ʌl ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ fi.ʌl ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: fi.ʌl ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| Object (of verb) | al | I ate an apple | S: t͡so.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.al waɹ.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa C: t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa |
| Via (an object, method) | ɛz | He went on horse to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ba.gin.ɛz ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ba.gin.nɛz ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: ba.gin.nɛz ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| I went towards the mountain via BigRoad | S: t͡so.ɛʃ BigRoad.ɛz ʒan.ʌk wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ BigRoad.dɛz ʒan.nʌk wit.tɛ.θa C: BigRoad.dɛz ʒan.nʌk wit.tɛ.θa | ||
| I went on horse to the mountain via BigRoad | S: (Ride horse) t͡so.ɛʃ BigRoad.ɛz ʒan.ʌk wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ BigRoad.dɛz ʒan.nʌk wit.tɛ.θa C: | ||
| I spoke with him in English | S. t͡so.ɛʃ fi.kɛt͡ʃ English.ɛz lɛ.nuʃ.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ fi.kɛt͡ʃ English.ʃɛz lɛ.nuʃ.ʃɛ.θa C: fi.kɛt͡ʃ English.ʃɛz lɛ.nuʃ.ʃɛ.θa | ||
| With (and object) | ɛl | He hit the chair with a stick | S: fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.al mi.ra.ɛl ga.lɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.al mi.ra.ɛl ga.lɛ.θa C: gi.ge.al mi.ra.ɛl ga.lɛ.θa |
| With (a person) | kɛt͡ʃ / i.kɛt͡ʃ | He and I went to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ fi.kɛt͡ʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ fi.kɛt͡ʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: fi.kɛt͡ʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| List (And) | ɛ.re… …kɛt͡ʃ | He ate an apple and a pear | S: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.i.kɛt͡ʃ d͡ʒi.tat͡ʃ.al waɹ.ɹɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹi.kɛt͡ʃ d͡ʒi.tat.t͡ʃal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa C: ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹi.kɛt͡ʃ d͡ʒi.tat.t͡ʃal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa |
| He went to the mountain and the lake | S: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re ʒan.i.kɛt͡ʃ ʃan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re ʒan.ni.kɛt͡ʃ ʃan.nek wit.ɛ.θa C: ɛ.re ʒan.ni.kɛt͡ʃ ʃan.nek wit.ɛ.θa | ||
| List (Or) | ɛ.re… …kor | He ate an apple or a pear | S: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.i.kor d͡ʒi.tat͡ʃ.al waɹ.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹi.kor d͡ʒi.tat.t͡ʃal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa C: ɛ.re t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹi.kor d͡ʒi.tat.t͡ʃal waɹ.ɹɛ.θa |
| He went to the mountain or the lake | S: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re ʒan.i.kor ʃan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ɛ.re ʒan.ni.kor ʃan.nek wit.ɛ.θa C: ɛ.re ʒan.ni.kor ʃan.nek wit.ɛ.θa | ||
| Also | He also went to the mountain. | ||
| Nothing but | He ate nothing but an apple. | ||
| Only | He only ate an apple. | ||
| Each | Each morning, I go to the mountain. | ||
| More than | He is is faster than me | ||
| His horse is faster than mine | |||
| Similar to | Like me, he ate an apple |
Tenses
| Tense | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past Tense | lɛ / ɛ.θa | I went to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| He was cold | S: fi.ɛʃ va.pa + lɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.lɛ.θa C: va.pa.lɛ.θa | ||
| Present Tense | lɛ / ɛ.θi | I go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θi P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θi C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θi |
| He is cold | S: fi.ɛʃ va.pa + lɛ.θi P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.lɛ.θi C: va.pa.lɛ.θi | ||
| Future Tense | lɛ / ɛ.θu | I will go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θu P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu |
| He will be cold | S: fi.ɛʃ va.pa + lɛ.θu P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.lɛ.θu C: va.pa.lɛ.θu | ||
| Present Progressive | lɛ / ɛ.θiθ | I am going to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θiθ P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ |
| He is cold | n/a | ||
| Present Perfect Progressive | lɛ / ɛ.θa.iθ | I have been going to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θa.iθ P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.iθ C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.iθ |
| He’s been cold | S: fi.ɛʃ va.pa + lɛ.θa.iθ P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.lɛ.θa.iθ C: va.pa.lɛ.θa.iθ |
Punctuation
| Punctuation | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Question | r / ir | I will go to the mountain? | P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θur? |
| He is cold? | P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.lɛ.θir? | ||
| Command | ga / i.ga | Go to the mountain! | P: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.ga! |
| Request | gar / i.gar | Can you go to the moutain? | P: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.gar? |
Negatives
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | ɯlɯ | I will not go to the mountain | P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek ɯlɯ wit.tɛ.θu |
| He was not cold | P: fi.ɛʃ ɯlɯ va.pa.lɛ.θa | ||
| Not capable | na.lɯ | I am not capable of going to the mountain | P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek na.lɯ wit.tɛ.θu |
| I was not capable of going to the mountain | P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek na.lɯ wit.tɛ.θa |
- Notes
- Tie “na” into capability
Verb / Adj Endings
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Want to | ka / i.ka.tas | I want to go to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.tas + ɛ.θu P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θu C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θu |
| I wanted to go to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.tas + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θa | ||
| He wants to go to the mountains? | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.tas + ɛ.θur? P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θur? C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θur? | ||
| Wish (to come about) | ka / i.ka.tuɹ | I wish it was cold. | S: rʌ.grɛʃ + i.ka.tuɹ + ɛ.θi P: rʌ.grɛʃ.ʃi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θi C: rʌ.grɛʃ.ʃi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θi |
| I hope it will be cold on the mountain. | S: ʒan.ek rʌ.grɛʃ + i.ka.tuɹ + ɛ.θu P: ʒan.nek rʌ.grɛʃ.ʃi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θu C: ʒan.nek rʌ.grɛʃ.ʃi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θu | ||
| I wish he would eat the apple. | S: fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.al waɹ + i.ka.tuɹ + ɛ.θi P: fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.ɹi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θi C: t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.ɹi.ka.tuɹ.ɹɛ.θi | ||
| Try to | ka / i.ka.gɛt | I am trying to go to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.gɛt + ɛ.θiθ P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.gɛt.tɛ.θiθ |
| I tried to go to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.gɛt + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.gɛt.tɛ.θa | ||
| I will try to go to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.gɛt + ɛ.θu P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.gɛt.tɛ.θu | ||
| Happened to / came about | ka / i.ka.rok | I found myself on the way to the mountains | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.rok + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.ro.kɛ.θa |
| He happened to get cold | S: fi.ɛʃ va.pa + ka.rok + ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ va.pa.ka.ro.kɛ.θa | ||
| Need to / have no choice but | ka / i.ka.kas | I have no choice but to go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.kas + ɛ.θi P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.kas.sɛ.θi |
| I need to go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.kas + ɛ.θi P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.kas.sɛ.θi | ||
| I had no choice but to go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.kas + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.kas.sɛ.θa | ||
| Do I have a choice but to go to the mountain? | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.kas + ɛ.θir? P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.kas.sɛ.θir? | ||
| Do not have to | ka / i.ka.lɯ.kas | I do not need to go to the moutain. | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.lɯ.kas + ɛ.θi P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.lɯ.kas.sɛ.θi |
| I did not need to go to the mountain. | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.lɯ.kas + ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.lɯ.kas.sɛ.θa | ||
| Shall we? | ka / i.ka.tas.ir | Shall we go to the mountains? | S: ʒan.ek wit + i.ka.tas.ir? P: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sir? |
| Should have | i.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa | He should have gone to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.i.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa |
| Plan to | |||
| Have a habit of doing |
Part-of-Speech Change
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adj-to-Adj | kan / i.kan | The cold mountain | S: rʌ.grɛʃ + i.kan ʒan P: vrʌ.grɛʃ.i.kan ʒan |
| Verb-to-Adj | kan / i.kan | I, who went to the mountain | S: ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θa + kan t͡so P: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.kan t͡so |
| I, who is going to the mountain | S: ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θiθ. + i.kan t͡so P: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ.θi.kan t͡so | ||
| I, who will go to the mountain | S: ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θu + kan t͡so P: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.kan t͡so | ||
| Adj-to-Adv | t͡ʃak / i.t͡ʃak | He quickly ate the apple | S: fi.ɛʃ lɯ.fan.i.t͡ʃak t͡ʃa.ʃɯr.al war.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.t͡ʃak t͡ʃa.ʃɯr.ral war.rɛ.θa |
Level of Certainty
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belief (don’t know for fact) | keʃ / i.keʃ | I think he went to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θa + keʃ P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.keʃ |
| Know (I am certain) | pat / i.pat | I know he will go to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θu + pat P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.pat |
| Seeking agreement, you know | lɯ / ɯ.lɯ.a.lɯ | You aren’t capable of going to the mountain, agreed? | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek na.lɯ wit + ɛ.θu + lɯ.a.lɯ P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek na.lɯ wit.tɛ.θu.lɯ.a.lɯ |
| It seems like / appears that | lɛk / i.lɛk | It appears you are going to the mountains | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + ɛ.θa.iθ + i.lɛk P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.iθ.θi.lɛk |
- Notes
- Tie “keʃ” into belief
- Tie “pat” into ???
- Tie “lɛk” into ???
Indirect Speech
(consider if ir should proceed dal)
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| I heard a statement (from a person) | name + dal / i.dal | John said he is going to go to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu + John.i.dal P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu John.ni.dal |
| I hear that (unsaid, or generally known) | dal / i.dal | I hear he is on his way to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θiθ + i.dal P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ.θi.dal |
| I don’t want to hear he has been going to the mountain | n/a (different structure) | ||
| I heard a question (from a person) | name + dal / i.dal.ir | John asked if he is going to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu + John.i.dal.ir P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu John.ni.dal.lir |
| I hear people questioning | dal / i.dal.ir | I hear people asking why he went to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa. + dal P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa.dal |
| I heard a command | name + dal / i.dal.i.ga | John ordered him to go to the mountain | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu + John.i.dal.i.ga P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu John.ni.dal.li.ga |
Conjunctions
- General -
Note: Tense is dropped in the first portion of the sentence if it is implied by the conjunction used or tense of the second portion of the sentence
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| V/A + and | kɛt͡ʃ / i.kɛt͡ʃ | He went to the mountain and ate an apple | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.kɛt͡ʃ fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.al waɹ.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt͡ʃ fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt͡ʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa |
| V/A + and then | kɛt͡ʃ.i.rok / i.kɛt͡ʃ.i.rok | He went to the mountain and then ate an apple | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.kɛt͡ʃ.i.rok fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.al waɹ.ɛ.θa P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt.t͡ʃi.rok fi.ɛʃ t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt.t͡ʃi.rok t͡ʃa.ʃɯɹ.ɹal waɹ.rɛ.θa |
| He went to the mountain and is on the way to the lake. | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.kɛt͡ʃ.i.rok fi.ɛʃ ʃan.ek wit.ɛ.θiθ P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt.t͡ʃi.rok fi.ɛʃ ʃan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.kɛt.t͡ʃi.rok ʃan.nek wit.tɛ.θiθ | ||
| V/A + or | kor / i.kor | I will go to the mountain or sit in the chair | S: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit + i.kor t͡so.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θu P: t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.kor t͡so.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θu C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.kor gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θu |
| V/A + but | t͡ʃat / i.t͡ʃat | My horse is not fast, but I went to the mountain. | S: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.ɛʃ ɯlɯ lɯ.fan + i.t͡ʃat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ ɯlɯ lɯ.fan.ni.t͡ʃat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ ɯlɯ lɯ.fan.ni.t͡ʃat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
| He will go to the mountain, but he is sitting in a chair now. | S: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu + i.t͡ʃat fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ P: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.i.t͡ʃat fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ C: ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.i.t͡ʃat gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ | ||
| V/A + yet / even though | sek / i.sek | Even though my horse is fast, I did not go to the mountain | S: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.ɛʃ lɯ.fan + i.sek t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek ɯlɯ wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.sek t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek ɯlɯ wit.tɛ.θa C: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.sek t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek ɯlɯ wit.tɛ.θa |
| Enen though he is sitting in a chair now, he will go to the mountain. | S: fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ + i.sek fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu P: fi.ɛʃ gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ.θi.sek fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu C: gi.ge.ek mi.wa.lɛ.θiθ.θi.sek ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu | ||
| V/A + because | t͡sat / i.t͡sat | Because my horse is fast, I went to the mountain. | S: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.ɛʃ lɯ.fan + i.t͡sat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θa P: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.t͡sat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa C: t͡so.ʌl ba.gin.nɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.t͡sat t͡so.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa |
- Conditional -
Note: Tense is dropped in the first portion of the sentence if it is implied by the conjunction used or tense of the second portion of the sentence
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| A + If a state is | i.dwɯn | If you are fast, go to the mountain. | S: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ lɯ.fan + i.dwɯn d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θu.ga P: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ lɯ.fan.ni.dwɯn d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.ga C: lɯ.fan.ni.dwɯn ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θu.ga |
| If you were cold, | |||
| V + If action | i.dwɯn.t͡sa | If you go to the mountain, | |
| If you want to go to the mountain, you will have to ride a horse | S: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.i.ka.tas + i.dwɯn.t͡sa d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ba.gin.al xi.ka.kas.ɛ.θu P: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.si.dwɯn.t͡sa d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ba.gin.nal xi.ka.ka.sɛ.θu C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θu.dwɯn.t͡sa ba.gin.nal xi.ka.ka.sɛ.θu | ||
| If you wanted to go to the mountain, you should have ridden a horse | S: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.i.ka.tas.ɛ.θa + dwɯn.t͡sa d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ba.gin.al xi.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa P: d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θa.dwɯn.t͡sa d͡ʒɹe.ɛʃ ba.gin.nal xi.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa C: ʒan.nek wit.ti.ka.tas.sɛ.θa.dwɯn.t͡sa ba.gin.nal xi.ka.kas he.lɛ.θa |
- Time -
| Meaning | Structure | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before Doing / Becoming | Before you go to the mountain, eat an apple | ||
| In Middle of Doing / Becoming | |||
| After Doing / Becoming | |||
| ”Just” Before / After | |||
| V + at that time | When I a | ||
| Since you are already |
- Tie each into other time frames